The question of Who Wrote The Book Of Matthew, the first book of the New Testament, is a complex one that has intrigued biblical scholars for centuries. While the book itself doesn’t explicitly name its author, tradition and scholarly consensus attribute it to Matthew, also known as Levi, a former tax collector who became one of Jesus’ twelve apostles. However, the authorship isn’t without debate, and delving into the historical context and textual analysis provides a deeper understanding of this enduring question.
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The Traditional View: Matthew the Apostle
The earliest and most persistent tradition identifies the author of the Gospel of Matthew as the apostle Matthew. Papias of Hierapolis, a second-century bishop, is cited by Eusebius as claiming that Matthew compiled the sayings of Jesus in the Hebrew language. This assertion, while not providing definitive proof, lends credence to the traditional view. Further supporting this perspective is the consistent attribution of the gospel to Matthew by early church fathers like Irenaeus, Origen, and Tertullian. Their testimony, rooted in the oral traditions of the early Christian communities, carries significant weight.
Internal Evidence and Literary Style
The Gospel of Matthew exhibits a distinct literary style and structure that offers clues about its authorship. It presents Jesus’ teachings in five major discourses, resembling the structure of the Torah, suggesting a Jewish audience familiar with this format. The author’s detailed knowledge of Jewish customs, laws, and geography further supports this hypothesis. Additionally, the Gospel of Matthew frequently quotes from the Old Testament, demonstrating a deep understanding of Hebrew scripture and its prophetic fulfillment in Jesus. 
Matthew the Apostle Writing the Gospel
Furthermore, Matthew’s occupation as a tax collector, mentioned in the gospel itself, could explain the meticulous attention to financial details and imagery throughout the text. For example, the parable of the talents reflects a familiarity with accounting practices.
The Synoptic Problem and the Q Source
The Gospel of Matthew shares significant similarities with the Gospels of Mark and Luke, a phenomenon known as the Synoptic Problem. Scholars believe that Matthew and Luke drew upon Mark’s Gospel as a source, incorporating much of its narrative framework and even verbatim passages. However, Matthew and Luke also share material not found in Mark, leading to the hypothesis of a second source known as “Q,” a hypothetical collection of Jesus’ sayings. The use of these sources, while complicating the question of authorship, provides insight into the collaborative nature of early Christian writing. This interdependence also highlights the importance of understanding the historical and cultural context in which these texts were created. who wrote corinthians explores another example of authorship discussions in the New Testament.
Challenges and Alternative Theories
Despite the strong evidence for Matthean authorship, some scholars propose alternative theories. They argue that the gospel’s sophisticated Greek and its apparent familiarity with later Jewish traditions point to a later date of composition, possibly by a disciple or follower of Matthew rather than the apostle himself. These challenges invite further investigation and discussion, reminding us that historical reconstruction is an ongoing process. Similar discussions surround the question of who wrote the gospel of john. 
Ancient Scrolls and Quill Pen on Wooden Table
A Gospel for the Church
Regardless of the precise identity of the author, the Book of Matthew stands as a foundational text for Christian faith and practice. Its portrayal of Jesus as the fulfillment of Jewish prophecy, the Messiah who inaugurates the Kingdom of God, has shaped Christian theology for centuries. The gospel’s emphasis on discipleship, ethical teachings, and the mission of the church continues to resonate with believers today. For a broader look at biblical authorship, consider reading about who wrote scripture. who wrote the bible god or humans delves into the complex relationship between divine inspiration and human authorship in the Bible.
Conclusion: Embracing the Mystery
The question of who wrote the Book of Matthew remains a subject of ongoing scholarly debate. While tradition strongly favors Matthew the Apostle, the complexities of the historical evidence and textual analysis leave room for alternative interpretations. However, regardless of the definitive answer, the Gospel of Matthew stands as a powerful testament to the life and teachings of Jesus, offering profound insights into the foundations of Christian faith. It invites us to engage with its rich theological and historical context, ultimately deepening our understanding of the message it conveys. The book continues to inspire and challenge believers today, reminding us of the enduring power of the Gospel message.
